The subject of this paper is interpersonal income inequality in Russia and in the world and its institutional framework.On the basis of in-depth analysis of the literature we explore the causes and consequences of inequality and its relationship with economic development.We distinguish four basic causes of income inequality: natural and acquired features of people; status differences and their limitations; differences in productivity and development peculiarities in various industries; uneven distribution of accumulated property, as well “ADAPTING TO A CHANGING WORLD: STRATEGIES FOR MITIGATING THE GLOBAL CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE” as the return on assets in dynamics and assets assessment characteristics.By means of the calculation of a number of generalizing measures (coefficient of variation, Gini, Hoover, Theil, Theil-Bernoulli and Atkinson indexes) for the Russian economy we revealed a positive relationship between the average level of wages in industries and its intra-differentiation, which is more typical for the private sector of the economy.At the same time it has been found convergence in salaries differentiation in the public sector of the Russian economy to salaries differentiation in the private sector, while there is not confirmed any correlation between wage level and intra-wage differences in the public sector industries.
It enabled Task-Specific Transformer-Based Language Models in Health Care: Scoping Review us to conclude about the deterioration of the institutional environment in the public sector.In the second part of our paper we compared two approaches to the role of institutional environment in inequality: the approach of T.Piketty (according to which rising inequality is the result of market laws and market institutions in general), and the approach of D.Acemoglu and others (inequality is due to the bad quality of institutions, which is formed largely endogenously in a particular environment).Bending over to the second point of view, we analyzed the relationship between inequality and interdependence of political and economic institutions.
In particular, we examined the impact of the labor market and the public finance institutions, as well as the degree of openness of the economy on income inequality.The paper summarizes the approaches to the effects of income inequality on economic development, political processes and social well-being of population.It puts forward a number of proposals to manage institutional environment in order to bring inequality closer to its optimal economic level.